The 3 main types of encoding
- Acoustic coding - the sound of a stimulus
- Visual coding - the physical appearance of a stimulus
- Semantic coding - the meaning of a stimulus
Conrad 1964
Aim - Investigate the nature of coding in STM
Procedure - Conrad presented p's with several series of 6 letters visually at a rate of 0.75 per letter. The letters used were selected from B,C, F, M, N, S, P, T, V and X. P's were told that they had to write down each list in the order they were given after the presentation. Conrad analysed errors rather than correct answers.
Results - P's tended to make errors by substituting letters that sounded the same rather than looked the same ( B for V)
Conclusion - Letters are encoded by sound even when presented visually.
Evaluation - There are no serious ethical issues
- Consent is needed
- Artificial stimuli
- Non-representative
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