Rehearsal - We can extend the duration of STM by rehearsing information. For example, if we look up a phone number in a directory, we tent to repeat it over in our heads in order to hold it in our memory for long enough to dial it correctly.
Intention to recall - It seems to make a difference whether we are making a conscious effort to recall material of not. Sebrechts et al (1989) proved this using familiar 3 English nouns. Correct recall fell by 1 per cent after 4 seconds.
Amount of information to be recalled - Murdock (1961) adopted the Peterson and Peterson technique but used either a single, three letter word such as cat or a set of three unrelated words such as pen, hat and lid. When he used three words as the stimulus, he found the same pattern of decline as the original study, but when he used three letters, he found recall was remarkably resistant to decay.
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